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GitHub Actions Manifest Generation
This example implements "build-time" manifest generation on GitHub Actions.
Third-party tools are used to generate YAML manifests in a CI job. The updated YAML are committed and pushed to Git, where kustomize-controller finally applies them.
Background
A complementary idea to manifest generation in Flux v2 is post-build variable substition. Unfortunately, for at least one popular use case, it is still too limited. Currently there is no support in Kustomization for fetching Git repository metadata from the commit that is being deployed.
It is not possible to reference a commit's own Git SHA, or commit ID, as kustomize build runs from that commit. This is a common request from Flux users, especially those working with Mono-repos, as Flux v1 certainly had this capability.
Flux v1 allowed users to provide their own binaries to kustomize build by leveraging an initContainer, enabling users to shell_exec from within .flux.yaml, permitting arbitrary commands to be run by manifest generation, with practically no limitations on access to the commit and/or repository data.
This was able to be used productively with kustomize edit set image in a generator, for example, to reference tags built from the current commit, even without scanning any image repository (and perhaps before images have even finished building.)
While many productive uses were possible, this capability was a curse to supporting Flux, for site reliability as well as security reasons.
What's Not Possible Anymore
Clearly this arrangement offers too much freedom. Manifest generation runtimes always increases as a repository grows, which can be a source of reconciliation timeouts. From a security perspective also there can be no way to permit any of this to behave as described in a multi-tenancy environment.
Still, it is not an unreasonable ask to simply deploy the latest image, and also a reasonably common use case that Flux v1 could already fulfill handily (with no qualifiers!) Flux adopters leveraging this capability have fostered and grown many projects.
Flux is not prescriptive about how updates should happen. Sorting with Number or SemVer policies should not be considered to be exhaustive of the many possible approaches. The image-automation-controller is one possible implementation; it is also still in alpha releases as of the time of this writing, and can likely still be further improved, even in ways we maybe haven't thought of yet.
What Flux Does
Flux will deploy whatever is in the latest commit, on whatever branch you point it at. It is by design that Flux doesn't care how a commit is generated.
What Flux Don't
Since "select latest by build time" image automation is deprecated, and since .flux.yaml is also deprecated, some staple workflows are no longer possible without new accommodations from infrastructure.
Flux still provides image automation which remains separate from CI, but for ImageAutomationPolicy now there are some additional requirements on the image tagging plan for auto updating. While this is new, it still remains true that CI things are generally considered to be outside of the scope of FluxCD.
What Should We Do?
We first recommend users adjust their tagging strategies, which is made clear elsewhere in the docs. This is usually a straightforward adjustment, and enables the use of Image Update Policies; however this may not be feasible or desired in some cases.
Parallel deployments of Flux v1 and v2 may be undertaken for change management reasons, and due to the order of implementation, changes to image tag strategies can't be undertaken before Flux v1 is finally taken down.
So as interim or alternative solutions may be needed, we recommended manifest generation to resolve this. Many asked, "how do I do that on my CI?"
As it turned out, this is neither straightforward nor obvious, so (even though it is not in Flux), this guide was conceived for Flux users.
(Possibly the first in a series,) supporting manifest generation strategies spanning different YAML tools and different CI providers with Flux:
Use Manifest Generation
Introducing, Manifest Generation with Jsonnet, for any old app on GitHub!
Using a separate repo than your fleet-infra may be indicated at times through the examples. The any_old_app repo linked above is a skeleton app, which was used to develop this guide. (FIXME Editor: TODO You can also clone and inspect the branches there to find the code from these examples.)
OK, here with a recommended architecture... 🆗 👍 🥇
SNIP Editor: Potentially cut everything between ^SNIP above and >SNIP below except for perhaps the Security Consideration. (Covered well enough by new "Background" text above?)
Primary Uses of Flux
Flux's primary use case for kustomize-controller is to apply YAML manifests from the latest Revision of an Artifact.
For a GitRepository, this is the latest commit in a branch or tag ref. The use cases in this tutorial for manifest generation assume that the CI is given write access to one or more Git repos in order to affect changes to what deploys on the cluster.
For so many CI providers, this can be complicated to set up. Secure authentication and authorization is hard. In GitHub Actions though, within a single repo, this is simply provided for without additional configuration, whenever Actions are enabled!
In the final example, since there is more than a single repository involved, an additional Personal Access Token will be used to access the alternate repository, in addition to the native GitHub Actions baked-in authentication described above.
Security Consideration
Flux v2 can not be configured to call out to arbitrary binaries that a user might supply with an InitContainer, as it was possible to do in Flux v1.
In Flux v2 it is assumed if users want to run more than Kustomize with envsubst, that it will be done outside of Flux; "solve this from within CI" – showing how to do this is the motivation for writing this guide.
Motivation for this Guide
- To show a way to implement manifest generation, with Flux best practices in mind.
- To provide a "compatibility shim" for a common favorite Flux v1 feature that no longer works in Flux v2.
Flux's behavior of deploying GIT_SHA image tags as they are pushed is being deprecated in Flux v2. This is an extremely common use case but what is deprecated is also very narrowly defined. It is addressing a performance bottleneck. The shim provided here works around this limitation in a different way than Flux v2's image-automation-controller solution.
Providing timestamps in the image build tags can resolve any need for temporary use of such a shim.
!!! warning "Migrate to use ImagePolicy, the fluxcd.io/automated behavior is deprecated"
Qualified feature parity is provided through ImagePolicies. Those who use Flux's automation cannot automate GIT_SHA as the tag for automated workloads anymore in Flux v2.
In case users need to run some workloads from both Flux v1 and v2 in parallel, for example a large migration moving one app at a time a-la Strangler Fig Pattern, in order to maintain continuity of the specific behavior of fluxcd.io/automated this compatibility shim can be used.
Readers should become familiar with Flux v2's image scanning configuration to avoid doing CI-ops, where releases are driven thru CI rather than promoting tested artifacts from one environment to the next.
This compatibility shim does not perform image scanning in any way, it just approximates the behavior in a way that is mostly compatible for Dev environments. We drive the deployment of new images directly from CI. This is not a replacement for Flux automation. Flux does not recommend keeping this behavior in your CI, migrate to ImagePolicy based functionality of Flux v2 instead. Since this is a breaking change, a compatibility shim is being provided.
Recognizing also that not all Flux users are the ones publishing their own images, it is considered that making this update to CI build and image tagging processes is not always practical for end-users, who may even be completely dependant on inflexible upstreams.
Deprecated Features
So we address some deprecated features for users of Flux migrating their development operations from v1 to v2.
We recognize that for those migrating from Flux v1, many or most will have only followed guidance that we've recommended them in the past, so might be feeling betrayed now. Some of our guides and docs certainly have gone so far as to recommend using GIT_SHA as the whole image tag. (Even Flux's own CI jobs still write image tags like this.)
The Flux development team recognizes that this feature having changed may unfortunately cause pain for some of our users and for downstream technology adopters, who might rightly blame Flux for causing them this pain. We hope that making the update to sortable image tags will not be too painful.
If your build process doesn't already meet Flux's new requirements for image automation, and you can not fix it now; this pain should not block upgrading to Flux v2. We can still upgrade preserving same behavior, only adding a few new CI build processes. Then disable fluxcd.io/automated annotations, finally turn off Flux v1, completing the migration! We can address any image tagging process changes needed after the upgrade is already completed.
So, these two ideas are fundamentally separate, but this guide covers both ideas in tandem, with the same thread: how to do manifest generation, and how to use it to drive deploys from CI in a way that is GitOps-friendly and reminiscent of Flux v1.
Some may say this is technically CI-ops in GitOps clothing, and this is true too. CI-ops in this case makes it possible to reproduce closely the same behavior of the old deprecated feature (fluxcd.io/automated), without imposing any new constraints or additional requirements for image tagging policy.
Editor: Potentially cut everything between ^SNIP above and >SNIP below SNIP
It is intended, finally, to show through this use case, three fundamental ideas for use in CI to accompany Flux automation:
- Writing workflow that can commit changes back to the same branch of a working repository.
- A workflow to commit generated content from one directory into a different branch in the repository.
- Workflow to commit from any source directory into a target branch on some completely other repository.
Readers can interpret this document with adaptations for use with other CI providers, or Git source hosts.
The Choice of GitHub Actions
There are authentication concerns with every CI provider and they differ by Git provider.
Being that GitHub Actions is hosted on GitHub, this guide can be uniquely simple in some ways, as we can mostly skip configuring authentication. The cross-cutting concern is handled by the CI platform; we write access to Git as we are already a Git user, (and one with write access.)
(Other providers will need more attention for authn and authz configuration in order to ensure that connections between CI provider and Source provider's git host are all handled safely and securely.)
Use Cases of Manifest Generation
There are several use cases presented. Shown below are a few different ways to add commits and push updates to Git, through GitHub Actions.
Our first example is doing a simple in-place string substitution using sed -i.
Then, a basic example of Docker Build and Push shows tagging and pushing images. While not exactly manifest generation, this is a key example shown for completeness. (It is however assumed that users will bring their own applications and Dockerfiles.)
The next example is using a third-party tool, jsonnet, to do what we refer to as "YAML rehydration." This example may grow to show more YAML hydrators as needed to account for differences and variability of these tools. Flux is not prescriptive about what YAML tools to use, as long as the pipeline ends with valid Kubernetes YAML. (Future examples planned include: cdk8s, mustache, ... requests?)
Finally it is shown how a Personal Access Token can be used to enable commits across repositories. These examples aim to provide as many variations as possible to show different options. As the actions used are provided by third parties, they are also furnished with their own separate documentation that will be linked within the text of each example below.
- String Substitution with
sed -i - Docker Build and Tag with Version
- Jsonnet for YAML Document Rehydration
- Commit Across Repositories Workflow
The examples below assume no prior familiarity with GitHub Actions. Together these examples show several patterns for deployments with manifest generation.
This is the example we've been waiting for, the answer to .flux.yaml in Flux v2! 🎉🎁
String Substitution with sed -i
The entry point for these examples starts at .github/workflows/ in a source repository. Add this directory if needed in your repositories. The first use case is to build a manifest with the commit hash of the latest commit, to deploy an image built from that commit. This example triggers from any commit on any branch.
In the example provided below, we will write a commit with the GIT_SHA of the latest tag on any branch. This is similar to how Flux v1 behaved when the fluxcd.io/automated annotation was enabled. Instead of expecting Flux to scan the image repository and find the latest tag that way, we will make that update to deployment manifest directly from CI.
We don't need to do any image scanning in order to find the latest image, we have the latest build, and we can know that easily since it's the same build that is running right now!
!!! warning "GitRepository source only targets one branch"
While this example updates any branch (branches: ['*']) from CI, each Kustomization in Flux only deploys manifests from one branch or tag at a time. Other useful ideas will be employed in the later examples, which are all meant to be changed and adapted for more specific use cases.
This workflow example could go into an application's repository, wherever images are built from – each CI build triggers a commit writing the GIT_SHA to a configmap in the branch, and into a deployment YAML manifest to be deployed with a Kustomization, or by using kubectl apply -f k8s.yml. This example doesn't need or take advantage of Kustomize or envsubst in any way. More variations will follow.
Take and adapt these to any use case; it is meant to show that some problems are better solved with well-known tools like sed. Later examples will build up to using more sophisticated strategies.
# ./.github/workflows/manifest-generate.yaml
name: Manifest Generate
on:
push:
branches:
- '*'
jobs:
run:
name: Push Git Update
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- name: Prepare
id: prep
run: |
VERSION=${GITHUB_SHA::8}
echo ::set-output name=BUILD_DATE::$(date -u +'%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ')
echo ::set-output name=VERSION::${VERSION}
- name: Checkout repo
uses: actions/checkout@v2
- name: Update manifests
run: ./update-k8s.sh $GITHUB_SHA
- name: Commit changes
uses: EndBug/add-and-commit@v7
with:
add: '.'
message: "[ci skip] deploy from ${{ steps.prep.outputs.VERSION }}"
signoff: true
# excerpted from above - workflow steps 1 and 2
- name: Prepare
- name: Checkout repo
We borrow parts of a Prepare step from Kustomize Controller's own release workflow.
In the Prepare step, even before the clone, GitHub Actions provides metadata about the commit. Then, Checkout repo performs a shallow clone for the build.
VERSION=${GITHUB_SHA::8}
echo ::set-output name=BUILD_DATE::$(date -u +'%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ')
echo ::set-output name=VERSION::${VERSION}
!!! note "When migrating to Flux v2"
Users will find that some guidance has changed since Flux v1. Tagging images with a GIT_SHA is a common practice no longer supported with Flux's Image Automation. A newer alternative is using timestamp or build number for Sortable image tags, preferred by the image-automation-controller.
Whenever CI can provide images tagged with a build number or timestamp in the tag, Image Automation can be deployed instead (without need for this example, or performing any other manifest generation or build-time commits back to Git.)
If GIT_SHA based tags are used, they are not updated by image-automation-controller because they are not string-sortable. The remainder of this guide assumes that readers are aware of this, but still want the capability for Flux to deploy a latest unique tag (for example, on a Dev cluster.)
If you just want to learn more techniques for manifest generation, don't worry, this guide is still for you too. (Keep reading!)
Using CI in this way obviates the image pull rate limit issue that is still observed when scaling up Flux v1 automation to work on larger numbers of deployments and images.
With that out of the way, next we call out to a shell script update-k8s.sh taking one argument, the Git SHA value from GitHub:
# excerpted from above - run a shell script
- name: Update manifests
run: ./update-k8s.sh $GITHUB_SHA
That script is below. It performs two in-place string substitutions using sed.
#!/bin/bash
# update-k8s.sh
set -feu # Usage: $0 <GIT_SHA> # Fails when GIT_SHA is not provided
GIT_SHA=${1:0:8}
sed -i "s|image: kingdonb/any-old-app:.*|image: kingdonb/any-old-app:$GIT_SHA|" k8s.yml
sed -i "s|GIT_SHA: .*|GIT_SHA: $GIT_SHA|" flux-config/configmap.yaml
update-k8s.sh receives GITHUB_SHA that the script trims down to 8 characters.
Then, sed -i runs twice, updating k8s.yml and flux-config/configmap.yaml which are also provided as examples here. The new SHA value is added twice, once in each file.
# k8s.yml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: any-old-app
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
matchLabels:
app: any-old-app
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: any-old-app
spec:
containers:
- image: kingdonb/any-old-app:4f314627
name: any-old-app
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: any-old-app
spec:
type: ClusterIP
ports:
- name: "any-old-app"
port: 3000
selector:
app: any-old-app
If your entire application can be represented as a single deployment and service, then this might be all you need. The convention of including a k8s.yml file in one's application repository is borrowed from Okteto's Getting Started Guides, to help introduce some concepts to developers new to working with Kubernetes.
# flux-config/configmap.yaml
apiVersion: v1
data:
GIT_SHA: 4f314627
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
creationTimestamp: null
name: any-old-app-version
namespace: devl
A configmap is an ideal place to write a variable that is needed by any downstream Kustomization, for example to use with envsubst. This is written to a subdirectory to allow a GitRepository source to select it, without scanning the entire repository.
While this example works, it has some glaring limitations. Keeping manifests in the same place as application source code invites confusion, as it's not always clear which version of the app is deployed from a commit, even after reading through the manifests.
If CI fails to build, your branch may contain a new copy of the source code while still pointing to an old release version. We may also find it points sometimes at an image which hasn't finished building yet, or even one that failed and will never be pushed.
This can leave the Kustomization in an error state which can be hard to detect, and may need to be manually remediated. This is not a strategy for Production. (Instead, use SemVer tags with ImagePolicy.)
Docker Build and Tag with Version
This is how to build an image and push a tag from the latest commit on the branch.
From the Actions marketplace, Build and push Docker images provides the heavy lifting in this example. It has little to do with Flux, but we include it for completeness. (No prior knowledge of GitHub Actions is assumed on the part of the reader.)
!!! hint "ImageRepository can reflect both branches and tags"
This example builds an image for any branch or tag ref and pushes it to Docker Hub. (Note the omission of branches: ['*'] that was in the prior example.) GitHub Secrets DOCKERHUB_USERNAME and DOCKERHUB_TOKEN are used here to authenticate with Docker Hub from within GitHub Actions.
We again borrow a Prepare step from Kustomize Controller's own release workflow.
# ./.github/workflows/docker-build.yaml
name: Docker Build, Push
on: push
jobs:
docker:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- name: Prepare
id: prep
run: |
VERSION=${GITHUB_SHA::8}
if [[ $GITHUB_REF == refs/tags/* ]]; then
VERSION=${GITHUB_REF/refs\/tags\//}
fi
echo ::set-output name=BUILD_DATE::$(date -u +'%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ')
echo ::set-output name=VERSION::${VERSION}
- name: Set up QEMU
uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v1
- name: Set up Docker Buildx
uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v1
- name: Login to DockerHub
uses: docker/login-action@v1
with:
username: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}
- name: Build and push
id: docker_build
uses: docker/build-push-action@v2
with:
push: true
tags: kingdonb/any-old-app:${{ steps.prep.outputs.VERSION }}
- name: Image digest
run: echo ${{ steps.docker_build.outputs.digest }}
Docker Login is used here to enable image push.
Any secrets can be used, and support for image registries is explained in the linked README. We can add a setting for registry if your app uses any private registry, rather than the implicit Docker Hub registry above.
# for example
with:
registry: registry.cloud.okteto.net
Little above differs from the linked examples, provided from Docker via the GitHub Actions Marketplace.
In our example when a commit is pushed on a branch, VERSION is set from GIT_SHA, but if it is a tag that is pushed then the image tag is written and pushed instead.
We should note, this example does not implement caching. This means that even when subsequent commits represent a no-op, totally new images will be built instead of reusing existing layers. This is wasteful, but for us it is out of scope. Docker Buildx Caching in GitHub Actions is a great topic and a totally other guide.
- TODO: Document strategies to prevent untested commits from being promoted into staging or production environments, through the use of release staging and validation with merge checks, for safe promotion. (The todo is to document such a strategy from end to end – which is again probably out of scope for this guide.)
# excerpted from above - set VERSION for tag refs
if [[ $GITHUB_REF == refs/tags/* ]]; then
VERSION=${GITHUB_REF/refs\/tags\//}
fi
There is only one other substantial difference from the upstream example:
name: Prepare
id: prep
run: |
...
echo ::set-output name=VERSION::${VERSION}
...
with:
push: true
tags: kingdonb/any-old-app:${{ steps.prep.outputs.VERSION }}
The image tag VERSION comes from the branch or Git tag that triggered the build. Whether that version is a GIT_SHA or a semantic version tag, the same workflow can be used to build the image as shown here!
Jsonnet for YAML Document Rehydration
As mentioned before, Flux only monitors one branch or tag per Kustomization, so it is advisable to protect the release branch with eg. branch policies, as it directly represents the production deployment.
The CI user for this example should be allowed to push directly to the deploy branch; it also represents the production environment here and must be protected from normal users in a similar fashion. Only CI (and/or the cluster admin user) should be allowed to write to the deploy branch.
!!! note "GitRepository source only targets one branch"
Since Flux uses one branch per Kustomization, to trigger an update we must write to a deploy branch or tag. Even when new app images can come from any branch (eg. for Dev environments where any latest commit is to be deployed) the YAML manifests to deploy will be sourced from just one branch.
Jsonnet Render Action
Below we build from any tag with the release/* format, or any latest commit pushed to the release branch. (Users, we expect, may choose either on.push strategy, probably not using both tags and branches as the example below, to avoid confusion.)
The outputted YAML manifests, on successful completion of the jsonnet render step, are staged on the deploy branch, then committed and pushed.
The latest commit on the deploy branch is reconciled into the cluster by a Kustomization.
# ./.github/workflows/release-manifests.yaml
name: Build jsonnet
on:
push:
tags: ['release/*']
branches: ['release']
jobs:
run:
name: jsonnet push
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- name: Prepare
id: prep
run: |
VERSION=${GITHUB_SHA::8}
if [[ $GITHUB_REF == refs/tags/release/* ]]; then
VERSION=${GITHUB_REF/refs\/tags\/release\//}
fi
echo ::set-output name=BUILD_DATE::$(date -u +'%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ')
echo ::set-output name=VERSION::${VERSION}
- name: Checkout repo
uses: actions/checkout@v2
- id: jsonnet-render
uses: alexdglover/jsonnet-render@v1
with:
file: manifests/example.jsonnet
output_dir: output/
params: dryrun=true;env=prod
- name: Prepare target branch
run: ./ci/rake.sh deploy
- name: Commit changes
uses: EndBug/add-and-commit@v7
with:
add: 'output/'
branch: deploy
message: "[ci skip] from ${{ steps.prep.outputs.VERSION }}"
signoff: true
While it is straightforward to see which commit is the latest pushed on a branch, (especially when policy would prohibit force-pushes,) it is not always easy to see which tag was the latest pushed. It is possible for 1.3.4 to be pushed after 1.3.5, for example, and since CI builds execute in the order that they are received, an earlier numbered release could win. This is not image policy, it is strictly deploying manifests from the latest commit pushed.
We add two new steps in this example:
# excerpted from above - workflow steps 3 and 4
- id: jsonnet-render
- name: Prepare target branch
The jsonnet-render step is borrowed from another source, again find it on GitHub Actions Marketplace for more information.
!!! note "The EndBug/add-and-commit action is used again"
This time, with the help of rake.sh, our change is staged into a different target branch. This is the same deploy branch, regardless of where the build comes from; any configured push event can trigger this deploy.
#!/bin/bash
# ./ci/rake.sh
set -feux # Usage: $0 <BRANCH> # Fails when BRANCH is not provided
BRANCH=$1
# The output/ directory is listed in .gitignore, where jsonnet rendered output.
pushd output
# Fetch git branch 'deploy' and run `git checkout deploy`
/usr/bin/git -c protocol.version=2 fetch \
--no-tags --prune --progress --no-recurse-submodules \
--depth=1 origin $BRANCH
git checkout $BRANCH --
# Prepare the output to commit by itself in the deploy branch's root directory.
mv -f ./ ../ # Overwrite any existing files (no garbage collection here)
git diff
# All done (the commit will take place in the next action!)
popd
Tailor this workflow to your needs. We render from a file manifests/example.jsonnet, it can be anything. The output is a directory of K8s YAML files.
- name: Commit changes
uses: EndBug/add-and-commit@v7
with:
add: 'output/'
branch: deploy
message: "[ci skip] from ${{ steps.prep.outputs.VERSION }}"
signoff: true
This is Add & Commit with a branch option, to set the target branch. We've added a signoff option as well here, to demonstrate another feature of this GitHub Action. There are many ways to use this workflow step. The link provides more information.
Looping
This example writes the same secretRef into many HelmReleases, to provide for the cluster to be able to use the same imagePullSecret across several Deployments in a namespace. It is a common problem that jsonnet can solve quite handily, without repeating the Secret name over and over as a string.
TODO: Add a jsonnet example here that demonstrates simple string interpolation and a looping construct
(Say something about jsonnet example above.)
ConfigMap with envsubst
The next example "enforces," or copies, a configMap with a SHA value in it from one namespace into many namespaces, so that Kustomizations in each namespace can maintain the same config data in their reconciliations and stay DRY, without building configurations that reach across namespace boundaries.
ConfigMap values are not treated as secret data, so there is no confusing encryption to contend with, making for a good first example. This simple example shows how to centralize the reference to these plain-text tag or version values. (Later, we will repeat this process with a SOPS encrypted secret.)
TODO: Add example that builds a configmap and clones it into several namespaces,
making multiple references into the ConfigMap from neighboring HelmReleases
(Say something about the configmap example above.)
Handling Secrets
Because a secret is not safe to store in Git unencrypted, Flux recommends using SOPS to encrypt it.
SOPS will produce a different data key for each fresh invocation of sops -e, producing different cipher data even for the same input data. This is true even when the secret content has not changed. This means, unfortunately, it is not practical for a Manifest Generation routine to implement secret transparency without granting the capability to read secrets to the CI infrastructure.
SOPS stores the metadata required to decrypt each secret in the metadata of the secret, which must be stored unencrypted to allow encrypted secrets to be read by the private key owners.
Secret transparency means that it should be possible for an observer to know when a stored secret has been updated or rotated. Transparency can be achieved in SOPS by running using sops [encrypted.yaml] as an editor, which decrypts and re-encrypts the secret, only changing the cipher text when secret data also changes.
Depending on your access model, this suggestion could be either a complete non-starter, or a helpful add-on.
As an example, Secrets could be read from GitHub Secrets during a CI job, then written encrypted into a secret that is pushed to the deploy branch. This implementation provides a basic solution for simple centralized secrets rotation. But as this would go way beyond simple manifest generation, we consider this beyond the scope of the tutorial, and it is mentioned only as an example of a more complex usage scenario for users to consider.
Replicate Secrets Across Namespaces
When the data of a secret is stored in the git repository, it can be encrypted to store and transmit safely. SOPS in Kustomize supports encryption of only (stringData|data) fields, not secret metadata including namespace. This means that secrets within the same repo can be copied freely and decrypted somewhere else, just as long as the Kustomization still has access to the SOPS private key.
Because of these properties though, copying a SOPS-encrypted secret from one namespace to another within one single Flux tenant is as easy as cloning the YAML manifest and updating the namespace field. Compared to SealedSecrets controller, which does not permit this type of copying; SOPS, on the other hand, does not currently prevent this without some attention being paid to RBAC.
Remember to protect your secrets with RBAC! This is not optional, when handling secrets as in this example.
Protecting Secrets from Unauthorized Access
The logical boundary of a secret is any cluster or tenant where the private key is available for decrypting.
This means that any SOPS secret, once encrypted, can be copied anywhere or used as a base for other Kustomizations in the cluster, so long as the Kustomization itself has access to the decryption keys.
It is important to understand that the sops-gpg key that is generated in the Flux SOPS guide can be used by any Kustomization in the flux-system namespace.
It cannot be over-emphasized; if users want secrets to remain secret, the flux-system namespace (and indeed the entire cluster itself) must be hardened and protected, managed by qualified cluster admins. It is recommended that changes which could access encrypted secrets are tightly controlled as much as deemed appropriate.
More Advanced Secrets Usage
The use of KMS as opposed to in-cluster GPG keys with SOPS is left as an exercise for the reader. The basics of KMS with various cloud providers is covered in more depth by the Mozilla SOPS guide.
Another scenario we considered, but rejected for these examples, requires to decrypt and then re-encrypt SOPS secrets, for use with the secretGenerator feature of Kustomize. This workflow is not supported here for reasons already explained.
Flux suggests maintaining the only active copy of the decryption key for a cluster inside of that cluster (though there may be a provision for backups, or some alternate keys permitted to decrypt.) This arrangement makes such use cases significantly more complicated to explain, beyond the scope of this guide.
For those uses though, additional Workflow Actions are provided:
The Decrypt SOPS Secrets action may be useful and it is mentioned here, (but no example uses are provided.)
The Sops Binary Installer action enables more advanced use cases, like encrypting or re-encrypting secrets.
Jsonnet Recap
While much of this type of manipulation could be handled in Kustomization's postBuild, via envsubst, some configurations are more complicated this way. They can be better handled in CI, where access to additional tools can be provided.
By writing YAML manifests into a git commit, this Jsonnet usage pattern enables inspection of manifests as they are read directly by Kustomize before being applied, for review at any time; before or after deployment.
When the YAML that is applied in the cluster comes directly from Git commits, that's GitOps!
Commit Across Repositories Workflow
Flux will not deploy from pushes on just any branch; GitRepository sources target just one specific branch. Merging to a staging branch, for example, can be used to trigger a deployment to a Staging environment.
Manifest generation can be used to solve, broadly, very many problems, such that even with many examples, this guide would never be totally exhaustive.
This is the final example in this guide.
Here we show 🥁 ... how to replicate the original behavior of Flux v1's image automation! 🤯 🎉
To replicate the nearest approximation of Flux's "deploy latest image" feature of yesteryore, we use push events to do the job, as we hinted was possible in an earlier example. Without Flux v1's redundant and expensive image pull behavior, used to get access to image build information required to order image tags for deployment.
This is racy and doesn't always guarantee the latest commit will be the one that is deployed, since this behavior depends on the time that each commit is pushed, and even precisely how long the build takes to complete; the difference is fine for Dev environments, but this is not a strategy for Production use cases.
App CI can commit and push a subfolder full of YAML manifests into a separate deploy branch for Kustomization to apply, which can be any branch on any separate repository to which the CI is granted write access.
While there are some issues, this is actually perfect for some deployments, eg. in a staging environment!
name: Update Fleet-Infra
on:
push:
branches:
- 'main'
jobs:
run:
name: Push Update
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- name: Prepare
id: prep
run: |
VERSION=${GITHUB_SHA::8}
if [[ $GITHUB_REF == refs/tags/* ]]; then
VERSION=${GITHUB_REF/refs\/tags\//}
fi
echo ::set-output name=BUILD_DATE::$(date -u +'%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ')
echo ::set-output name=VERSION::${VERSION}
- name: Checkout repo
uses: actions/checkout@v2
- name: Update manifests
run: ./update-k8s.sh $GITHUB_SHA
- name: Push directory to another repository
uses: cpina/github-action-push-to-another-repository@v1.2
env:
API_TOKEN_GITHUB: ${{ secrets.API_TOKEN_GITHUB }}
with:
source-directory: 'flux-config'
destination-github-username: 'kingdonb'
destination-repository-name: 'fleet-infra'
target-branch: 'deploy'
user-email: kingdon+bot@weave.works
commit-message: "[ci skip] deploy from ${{ steps.prep.outputs.VERSION }}"
This is Push directory to another repository. This is especially useful because Flux v2 is made to work with more than one GitRepository.
If you must use a mono-repo, consider adding a deploy branch to it! There is no need for branches in the same repo to always share a parent and intersect again at a merge point.
A mono-repo can be counter-productive for performance and will create bottlenecks for Flux, as large commits will take longer to clone, and therefore to reconcile. Ignoring with .sourceignore or spec.ignore will unfortunately not help much with this. Some limitations can only be overcome by changing the data structure.
The flux-system is in the main branch of kingdonb/fleet-infra, as is the default. We prepared in advance, an empty commit with no parent in the same repository, on the deploy branch, so that this checkout would begin with an empty workspace that ci/rake.sh could copy the output/ of jsonnet into.
git checkout --orphan deploy
git reset --hard
git commit --allow-empty -m'initial empty commit'
git push origin deploy
This is not technically regressive when compared to the behavior of Flux v1's fluxcd.io/automated, actually avoiding image pull depending on push instead to write the latest git tag, externally and functionally identical to how Flux v1 did automation. Little else is good that we can say about it.
It is a compatibility shim, to bridge the gap for Flux v1 users. If possible, users are encouraged to migrate to using timestamps, build numbers, or semver tags, that are all supported by some Flux v2 image automation features that are still in alpha at the time of this writing.
Flux's new Image Automation Controllers are the new solution for Production use!
Adapting for Flux v2
In Flux v2, with ImagePolicy, these examples may be adjusted to order tags by their BUILD_DATE, by adding more string information to the tags. Besides a build timestamp, we can also add branch name.
Why not have it all: ${branch}-${sha}-${ts} – this is the suggestion given in:
Example formats and alternative strings to use for tagging are at:
We don't expect you to follow these examples to the letter. They present an evolution and are meant to show some of the breadth of options that are available, rather than as prescriptive guidance.
If you are on GitHub, and are struggling to get started using GitHub Actions, or maybe still waiting to make a move on your planned migration from Flux v1; we hope that these GitHub Actions examples can help Flux users to better bridge the gap between both versions.